8. مصادر الصور

1. Light and Radiation

A sinusoidal wave moving from left to right
Applet
The animation is a Wikimedia Commons file created by User: Evil saltine under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation Licence, Version 1.2.
URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Simple_harmonic_motion_animation.gif
Last access: 22.02.2008
Periodicity along the distance x of a sinusoidal wave
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Periodicity in time t of a sinusoidal wave
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The spectrum of light and radiation over the frequency and wavelength in logarithmic scales
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The spectrum of visible light at wavelengths from 400 to 750 nm
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Meteosat-8 image of the earth at 800 nm wavelength, 12 February 2008.
Meteosat-8 image taken on 12 February 2003, Channel 02 VIS0.8 at 0.8 μm wavelength.
EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany; Image Gallery, Fulldisk Images.
Last access: 20.06.2008
Meteosat-8 image of the earth at 6.2 μm wavelength, 6 March 2004.
Meteosat-8 image taken on 6 March 2004, Channel 05 WV6.2 at 6.2 μm wavelength.
EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany; Image Gallery, Fulldisk Images. Modification: The original blue image is converted to a greyscale image.
Last access: 20.06.2008
Meteosat-7 image of the earth at 10.5 - 12.5 μm wavelength.
Meteosat-7 image taken on 20 October 1998, IR Channel.
EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany; Image Gallery, Fulldisk Images. Modification: The original orange image is converted to a greyscale image.
Last access: 20.06.2008
Ultraviolet image of the earth taken by the Apollo 16 astronauts in April 1972 with the Far UV Camera/Spectrograph deployed on the moon.
Image taken by the Apollo 16 astronauts with the Far UV Camera / Spectrograph deployed on the moon in April 1972.
NASA Johnson Space Center
URL: http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=S72-40821
Last access: 20.06.2008
A plane monochromatic wave propagating from left to right along the x-axis
Graph and animated gif
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Periodicity of the electric field E along the distance x
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Periodicity of the electric field E in time t
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Electric field E(t) plotted over time t (blue line), and its square E2(t) (red line) ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Colour and brightness in the sky
Photograph, 24 March 2008
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The light of a lamp, whose brightness and colour can be changed variably is directed to a light detector
Graph
Silja Banaschewski and Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Counter (upper picture) and oscilloscope (lower picture) in our experiment showing signals of the light detector
Photograph and video, 20 November 2008
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Comet Hale-Bopp image, taken on 11 March 1997 with a 20 cm reflector telescope
Photograph
Photograph from the website http://www.usno.navy.mil/pao/HBPIX.html of the U.S. Naval Observatory, Image taken by Geoff Chester.
URL: http://www.usno.navy.mil/pao/hb031197.jpg
Last access: 02 December 2008
The spectrum of visible light over the wavelength and the photon energy
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Response of human S, M and L cones which are sensitive to blue, green and red light, plotted versus the wavelength of stimulating light
Graph, re-plotted from: Jeremy Nathans, 1999: The evolution and physiology of human color vision: Insights from molecular genetic studies of visual pigments. Neuron, 24: 299-312
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Luminosity functions of day and night vision, normalised to a value of 1 at their peak response wavelength.
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
View at the colours of the earth through a window of the International Space Station ISS.
Photo of the astronaut Karen Nyberg during mission STS-124
NASA
URL: STS-124 Gallery, image 18
Last access: 19 July 2010
Colour glas filters for use with camera lenses
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
A filter wheel with five optical filters for spectral measurements in the laboratory
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Backlighted photo of the filter wheel...
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Spectral transmission of the Landsat 5 TM Bands 1-4 and 8 in the visible.
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Spectral transmission of all Landsat 5 TM bands in the visible and infrared.
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Bands 1 (blue-green), 2 (gree-yellow) and 3 (red) of a TM scene taken over central Italy...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
using data of the Image Catalogue Viewer from ESA
Last access: 27 July 2010
Bands 2 (green-yellow), 3 (red) and 4 (near infrared) of the TM scene taken over central Italy...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
using data of the Image Catalogue Viewer from ESA
Last access: 27 July 2010
The light of a halogen lamp coming from left passes a glass plate (1)...
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Schematic drawing of the setup shown above...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
For a better understanding the same setup of optical components...
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Path of rays of a fluorescence lidar receiver
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The LFS Laser Fluorosensor installed in a Dornier Do 228 research aircraft ...
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
View of the LFS spectrograph....
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
A detector module....
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

 

Supplement 1.6

Comet Lovejoy, photographed by Commander Dan Burbank of the International Space Station ISS on 21 December 2011.
Photo and Video
NASA Gateway to Astronaut Photography of the Earth
Photo: ISS030-E-14350
Video: Lovejoy Comet Flies over Southern Hemisphere
Last access: 25.03.2025

Supplement 1.7

The spectrum of visible light ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
A solid angle Ω in a hemisphere. ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
A collimator consisting of a lamp and a lens. ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
A differential surface element da on the surface of a sphere. ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Integration over the azimuth angle φ from 0 to 2π ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Supplement 1.8

The apparent size of an area a ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The length of an arrow extending from ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Earth from space in the visible spectral range, ...
Satellite image
ESA
https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Meteorological_missions/meteosat_third_generation/...
Last access: 08.11.2025
An evening sky with clouds. ...
Photograph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Use of chemically pure Teflon in laboratories, ...
Photo
Wikimedia Commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teflon_items.jpg, Author: Cjp24
Last access: 08.11.2025
Frosted glass is illuminated evenly from below. ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
The observer now observes in a plane parallel to the frosted glass. ...
Graph
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Spherical luminaires
Fotos
Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Limb darkening of the sun. ...
Foto
Marshall Space Flight Center, Solar Physics, NASA, USA
https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/surface.shtml
Last access: 13.11.2025
Solutions to the equation shown above ...
Graph
Libre Texts
Jeremy Tatum: Stellar Atmospheres, chapter 6: Limb Darkening,
https://commons.libretexts.org/book/phys-6642
Last access: 13.11.2025