9. Links
1. Light and Radiation
Literature
Ocean Colour Bibliography
Optical oceanography database
Optical oceanography database
Responsible: International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG)
Last access: 05.07.2024
IOCCG Publications
Reports, Handbooks, Protocols
Reports, Handbooks, Protocols
Responsible: International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG)
Last access: 05.07.2024
Definitions of and Relations between Quantities Used in Radiation Theory
Presentation of radiation quantities with applications in astronomy
Presentation of radiation quantities with applications in astronomy
Responsible: Jeremy B. Tatum, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Kanada
Last access: 27.02.2025
Diffraction Grating Handbook
Physics and technology of gratings
Physics and technology of gratings
Authors: Erwin Loewen & Christopher Palmer. Newport Corporation, Rochester, New York, USA
Last access: 05.07.2024
What must be specified to achieve a valid spectroscopic measurement?
Several factors are described that must be considered when choosing an instrument for spectroscopy: which wavelength range and resolution are appropriate to the type of sample to be measured, how much light is available, how to separate the light, which type of detector to use, etc.
Several factors are described that must be considered when choosing an instrument for spectroscopy: which wavelength range and resolution are appropriate to the type of sample to be measured, how much light is available, how to separate the light, which type of detector to use, etc.
Author: Alexander Scheeline. Verlag: Hamamatsu K.K., Japan
Last access: 27.02.2025
Pyroelectric Detector Basics
InfraTec pyroelectric detector basics and applications library.
InfraTec pyroelectric detector basics and applications library.
Author: InfraTec GmbH, Dresden
Last access: 07.01.2026
Tunable infrared detector with integrated micromachined Fabry-Perot filter
Design, fabrication and test results of a tunable pyroelectric detector, 2007.
Design, fabrication and test results of a tunable pyroelectric detector, 2007.
Authors: Norbert Neumann, Martin Ebermann, Karla Hiller, Steffen Kurth
Last access: 07.01.2026
Pyroelectric Infrared Detectors
Full electronic analysis of pyroelectric detectors.
Full electronic analysis of pyroelectric detectors.
Last access: 07.01.2026
Comparison of Pyroelectric and Thermopile Detectors
The main principles and the basic design of both the pyroelectric detector and the thermopile are discussed and compared.
AMA Conferences 2013 - SENSOR 2013, OPTO 2013, IRS² 2013
The main principles and the basic design of both the pyroelectric detector and the thermopile are discussed and compared.
AMA Conferences 2013 - SENSOR 2013, OPTO 2013, IRS² 2013
Authors: Norbert Neumann, Victor Banta
Last access: 07.01.2026
Silicon Photodiodes Physics and Technology.
Various parameters used to characterize photodiodes will be introduced. The differences between photoconductive and photovoltaic modes of operation, and their relative merits and limitations will be pointed out to enable users of silicon photodiodes to make an intelligent choice.
Various parameters used to characterize photodiodes will be introduced. The differences between photoconductive and photovoltaic modes of operation, and their relative merits and limitations will be pointed out to enable users of silicon photodiodes to make an intelligent choice.
UDT Sensors, Inc. App Note no. 2, April 1982
Last access: 23.08.2025
Photomultiplier Tubes. Basics and Applications.
Fundamentals of radiation measurements with photomultiplier tubes; electronic circuits; single photon measurement; microchannel plates; applications.
Fundamentals of radiation measurements with photomultiplier tubes; electronic circuits; single photon measurement; microchannel plates; applications.
Author: Toshikazu Hakamata and Editorial Committee, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Japan. Edition 3a, 2007, 323 pp.
Last access: 23.08.2025
Photomultiplier Handbook (PMT-62).
Design, characteristics and applications of photomultiplier tubes; photometric and radiometric principles.
Design, characteristics and applications of photomultiplier tubes; photometric and radiometric principles.
Author: R W. Engstrom, RCA Electro-Optics and Devices, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA, 1980; Burle Industries, Pennsylvania, USA, 1986. 179 pp.
Last access: 23.08.2025
Guide to detector selection.
Choosing a detector requires evaluating many operating parameters and desired outcomes. This introduction provides a series of guideposts that will help lead the way to the right one.
Choosing a detector requires evaluating many operating parameters and desired outcomes. This introduction provides a series of guideposts that will help lead the way to the right one.
Author: Earl Hergert. Publisher: Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Japan, 2016.
URL: https://hub.hamamatsu.com/us/en/technical-notes/detector-selection/guide-to-detector-selection.html
Last access: 23.08.2025
The WITS$ guide to selecting a photodetector.
The process of selecting an appropriate photodetector among a photomultiplier tube (PMT), photodiode (PD), avalanche photodiode (APD), and silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) may seem taxing and confusing. This article provides qualitative and quantitative guidance to the selection process based on the WITS$ approach: Wavelength, Intensity, Time characteristics, Spatial characteristics, and cost ($).
The process of selecting an appropriate photodetector among a photomultiplier tube (PMT), photodiode (PD), avalanche photodiode (APD), and silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) may seem taxing and confusing. This article provides qualitative and quantitative guidance to the selection process based on the WITS$ approach: Wavelength, Intensity, Time characteristics, Spatial characteristics, and cost ($).
Authors: Earl Hergert & Slawomir Piatek. Publisher: Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Japan, 2016.
Last access: 23.08.2025
What is an SiPM and how does it work?
This technical note provides descriptions on various aspects of silicon photomultipliers, including how they work, their basic structure, and characteristics such as photon detection efficiency, gain, breakdown voltage, and optical crosstalk.
This technical note provides descriptions on various aspects of silicon photomultipliers, including how they work, their basic structure, and characteristics such as photon detection efficiency, gain, breakdown voltage, and optical crosstalk.
Autor: Slawomir Piatek. Verlag: Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Japan, 2016.
URL: https://hub.hamamatsu.com/us/en/technical-notes/mppc-sipms/what-is-an-SiPM-and-how-does-it-work.html
Last access: 23.08.2025
A technical guide to silicon photomultipliers (MPPC) - Overview.
This extensive guide to MPPCs describes the device's operating principle, its performance parameters, and how to measure various characteristics such as gain, breakdown voltage, photon detection efficiency, and linearity.
This extensive guide to MPPCs describes the device's operating principle, its performance parameters, and how to measure various characteristics such as gain, breakdown voltage, photon detection efficiency, and linearity.
Authors: Ardavan Ghassemi, Kota Kobayashi & Kenichi Sato. Publisher: Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Japan, 2018.
Last access: 23.08.2025
Data
Sun Fact Sheet
Sun/Earth Comparison (incl. gas pressure in the solar atmosphere)
Sun/Earth Comparison (incl. gas pressure in the solar atmosphere)
Responsible: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA
Last access: 22.04.2025
Spectra of Gas Discharges
Colour spectra of elements undergoing electrical discharge excitation
Colour spectra of elements undergoing electrical discharge excitation
Responsible: École des Mines d’Albi-Carmaux, 81013 Albi, France.
Author: Amaury de Guilhem de Lataillade
Author: Amaury de Guilhem de Lataillade
Last access: 05.07.2024
Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for the Neutral Atoms
Physical Reference Data
Physical Reference Data
Responsible: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, U.S.A.
Authors: Martin W C, A Musgrove, S Kotochigova, J E Sansonetti
Authors: Martin W C, A Musgrove, S Kotochigova, J E Sansonetti
Last access: 05.07.2024
Landsat USGS Homepage
Information on the Landsat programme and data sets
Information on the Landsat programme and data sets
Responsible: United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Last access: 05.07.2024
CEOS Cal/Val Portals
Information for calibration and validation of earth observation data
Information for calibration and validation of earth observation data
Responsible: Committee on Earth Observation (CEOS)
Last access: 05.07.2024
