8. Image Credits

Chapter 2: Oil Pollution

	Bird with oiled coat Jon Fisher, Marine Photobank Marine Photobank Last access: 10.11.2008
	Sinking tanker New Flame David Parody Marine Photobank Last access: 17.11.2008
	A Storm drain in Irvine California, United States Ganeshk Wikimedia Commons Last access: 10.11.2008
	Inputs of oil entering the marine environment from ships and other sea-based activities in the period 1988 - 1997 Data source: GESAMP Report and Studies No 75 (2007) GESAMP Publications Last access: 09.06.2009
	Partially sunk New Flame vessel after collision with an oil tanker in the Strait of Gibraltar in August 2008 David Parody Marine Photobank Last access: 18.12.2008
	Aerial view of a vessel illegally discharging Cedre 2007: 37 Last access: 09.06.2009
	A pumpjack in Texas Flcelloguy Wikimedia Commons Last access: 18.12.2008
	Pipeline network in Venezuela Cedre 2007: 29 Last access: 09.06.2009
	Sources of marine pollution Cedre / Hippocampe Last access: 09.06.2009
	Recent spillage of oil Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Oil spill in the Philippines August 2006 NOAA Last access: 30.07.2008
	An oil slice approaching land, resulting from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in March 1989 Erich Gundlach Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Last access: 09.06.2009
	Oil slick visible on water's surface above the sunken battleship USS Arizona (BB-39) in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii James G. Howes, 01.11.2005 Wikimedia Commons Last access: 09.06.2009
	The hazard symbol for toxic/highly toxic substances according to directive 67/548/EWG by the European Chemicals Bureau Wikimedia Commons Last access: 15.01.2009
	A Seal ITOPF Last access: 15.01.2009
	Bird with oiled coat Mila Zinkova, 11.07.2007 Wikimedia Commons Last access: 15.01.2009
	An oiled shoreline ITOPF Last access: 15.01.2009
	A power station at the coast ITOPF Last access: 15.01.2009
	Oil tanker Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef 25.08.2004 NOAA Last access: 05.01.2009
	The German oil recovery vessel 'Knechtsand' Havariekommando Cuxhaven
	Helicopter of the United States Coast Guard with animated propellers (HH-65 Dolphin) United States Coast Guard Wikimedia Commons Last access: 06.01.2008
	Exxon Valdez tanker circled with containment boom Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Last access: 06.01.2008
	Deployment of a containment boom ITOPF Last access: 06.01.2008
	In-situ burning of an oil slick at sea ITOPF Last access: 17.07.2008
	Spreading dispersants by boat and by plane Cedre 2007 Last access: 10.06.2009
	Schematic illustration of an oil spill spreading on the sea surface Data source: CONCAWE 1981 Illustration: Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Airborne optical image of fuel oil on the sea surface UK Environment Agency / V. Byfield, National Oceanography Centre Southampton
	ASAR wide-swath image acquired 17 November 2002 showing an oil spill originating from the stricken Prestige tanker, lying 100 km off the Spanish coast ESA Multimedia Gallery Last access: 09.06.2009
	GIS screenshot with remote sensing data from the Sea Empress oil spill in 1996 UK Environment Agency / S.Boxall, National Oceanography Center, UK
	SAR image of the Kerch Strait oil spill EMSA Clean Sea Net Last access: 14.02.2008
	Fuel oil drift in the Kerch Strait 11-15 November 2007 State Oceanography Institute, Moscow
	Schematic from the Black Sea showing how data from many sensors are put together to give an environmental map of the area Olga Lavrova, Russian Academy of Sciences Space Research Institute, Moscow
	Maritime surveillance aircraft DO 228 of the Central Command for Maritime Emergencies (CCME) on scene in the North Sea. Central Command for Maritime Emergencies (in German: Havariekommando), Cuxhaven, Germany
	Remote Sensing instruments aboard maritime surveillance aircraft Dornier 228 LM Dornier Aerospace, Friedrichshafen, Germany. Modified by Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	The Sea Empress aground off St. Anne's Head at the entrance to Milford Haven ITOPF Last access: 10.09.2009
	Aerial photograph of the cliffs at St Anne's Head Countryside Council for Wales
	CASI image showing brown streaks of oil off St Anne's head UK Environment Agency / UK National Oceanograpgy Center
	CASI image showing oil leaking from the Sea Empress when docked in Milford Haven UK Environment Agency / V. Byfield, UK National Oceanograpgy Center
	CASI image of Milford Haven with the Sea Empress and streaks of oil sheen in Angle Bay UK Environment Agency / V. Byfield, UK National Oceanograpgy Center
	RADARSAT image of Milford Haven and Carmarthen Bay RADARSAT / UK Environment Agency
	ERS-SAR image of Milford Haven and Carmarthen Bay from 26 February 1996 ESA / UK Environment Agency
	CASI image from the Tenby area in Carmarthen Bay on 27 February 1996 UK Environment Agency / V. Byfield, UK National Oceanograpgy Center
	Thermal infrared image from the Tenby area obtained on 27 February 1996 UK Environment Agency / V. Byfield, UK National Oceanograpgy Center
	Map of South Wales and the Bristol Channel P.Dyrynda, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, UK
	Clean-up at sea in the Tenby area of Carmarthen Bay on 27th February 1996 UK Environment Agency / UK National Oceanograpgy Center
	Cleaning up the beach in the Saundersfoot area of Carmarthen Bay P. Dyrynda, University of Wales, Swansea
	Map of South Wales and the Bristol Channel showing the shoreline most affected by oil of the Sea Empress P.Dyrynda, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, UK
	Angle Bay grasslands and intertidal mudflats Countryside Council for Wales
	Oilspill cleanup in West Angle Bay Countryside Council for Wales
	Surface oil in the Tenby area of Carmarthen Bay Countryside Council for Wales
	View from Saundersfoot Leisure Park across the Bay Saundersfoot Bay Leisure Park
	Surface oil around the rock in Saundersfoot Bay P. Dyrynda, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, UK

Supplements

Supplement 2.1: Types of Oil

	German coast guard ship putting up a containment boom Havariekommando, Cuxhaven, Germany
	Two sorts of oil with different viscosity Agnar Pettersen, Cuxhaven, Germany
	Two sorts of oil with different viscosity Agnar Pettersen

Supplement 2.2: Properties of Oil

	Water, oil and a cork Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Burning of floating oil as a measure of oil spill control ITOPF Last access: 17.07.2008
	Flash and fire points of two different kinds of motor oil http://www.synthetic-oil-tech.com/d.cgi/1124190/amsoil_vs_mobil1.htm Last access: 17.07.2008

Supplement 2.3: Emulsions

	Oil in water Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Emulsion Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Oil-in-water emulsion Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Water-in-oil emulsion Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Supplement 2.4: Natural Oil Seeps

	A vertical section through the Earth's crust, ... US Geological Survey http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/seeps/what.html Last access: 14.09.2009
	Natural oil seep at Tar Water Creek ... US Geological Survey http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/seeps/environment.html Last access: 14.09.2009
	Natural tar seep offshore Gaviota, ... Donna Schroeder, MMS; US Geological Survey http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2008/04/fieldwork2.html Last access: 14.09.2009
	Tar found floating in the ocean offshore Point Conception, ... US Geological Survey http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2008/04/fieldwork2.html Last access: 14.09.2009
	European Remote Sensing 1 satellite radar image ... NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory http://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/news/sar-031705.html Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplement 2.5: Weathering of Oil on the Water Surface

	Weathering of oil on the water surface SINTEV, with modifications by Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, germany http://www.sintef.no/static/ch/environment/oil_weathering_model.htm#Oil_weathering Last access: 14.09.2009
	Oil spill at sea forming narrow bands Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Water evaporating from a lake National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, NOAA, USA http://www.crh.noaa.gov/jkl/?n=fog_types Last access: 14.09.2009
	Testing the natural dispersion of oil due to waves at OHMSETT oil spill testing facility OHMSETT, USA http://www.ohmsett.com/Publications/Ohmsett_Brochure.pdf Last access: 14.09.2009
	Water channel at OHMSETT oil spill testing facility Minerals Management Service, USA http://www.mms.gov/tarprojectcategories/ohmsett.htm Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplement 2.6: Operational Oil Discharges at Sea

	Oil spill at sea CEDRE http://www.black-tides.com/uk/source/operational-discharge/degassing-deballasting-discharge.php Last access: 14.09.2009
	Oil spill at sea Tevaprapas http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DSCF0443.JPG Last access: 14.09.2009
	A bilge well in a ship Klipper http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bilge_well.jpg Last access: 14.09.2009
	Cruise ship cprogrammer http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SuperStar_Libra_1.jpg Last access: 14.09.2009
	A cartoonist's view of airborne oil spill surveillance Wilfried Graf Schwerin von Krosigk In: K-H Preuß & R H Simen (Editors): Geschichten, die die Forschung schreibt 7

Supplement 2.7: Accidental Oil Discharges at Sea

	Grounding: 34% etc. CEDRE
	Number of oil tanker accidents causing spills ... CEDRE http://www.black-tides.com/uk/source/oil-tanker-accidents/number-accidents-spills.php Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplement 2.8: Land-based Sources of Oil Pollution

	Cleanup crews work to restore beaches ... Jonathan R. Cilley, U.S. Coast Guard/Marine Photobank http://www.marinephotobank.org/secure/gallery-photo.php?gallery_id=34&photo_id=4503 Last access: 14.09.2009
	Anacortes Refinery Tesoro Corporation, ... Walter Siegmund http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG Last access: 14.09.2009
	Worn tyres on sale in a shop in Gambia no author given http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/20_percent_of_Victorians_drive_on_worn_tyres Last access: 14.09.2009
	Petrol station in St. Julians, Malta Walter Siegmund http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malta-Tankstelle.JPG Last access: 14.09.2009
	Motorcycle washing in a private driveway Piero http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hogedrukreiniger.JPG Last access: 14.09.2009
	Sewage outfall in the Maldives Bluepeace http://www.bluepeacemaldives.org/blog/pollution/sewage-around-male Last access: 14.09.2009
	Only rain down the drain Anne Murphy, Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/librarianguish/2503390114/ Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplement 2.9: Contingency Planning in Oil Spill Response

	Bulk carrier grounded and leaking bunker fuel ITOPF http://www.itopf.com/spill-response/contingency-planning/ Last access: 14.09.2009
	Regular communication between all parties ... ITOPF http://www.itopf.com/spill-response/contingency-planning/ Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplement 2.10: Choices of Oil Spill Response

	Spreading dispersants by airplane CEDRE http://www.black-tides.com/uk/response/response-at-sea/spreading-dispersants.php Last access: 14.09.2009
	Oil covers a beach on the Tuzla Spit in the Kerch Strait http://www.marinephotobank.org/, Russian Doors http://www.marinephotobank.org/secure/gallery-photo.php?photo_id=4566 Last access: 14.09.2009
	Oil slick on fire CEDRE http://www.black-tides.com/uk/response/response-at-sea/lightering-burning.php Last access: 14.09.2009
	Containment of an oil spill with a boom ... http://www.marinephotobank.org/, Megan Jankowski http://www.marinephotobank.org/secure/gallery-photo.php?gallery_id=34&photo_id=4539 Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplement 2.11: Impact of Oil on Different Types of Coasts

	Sensitivity of intertidal ecosystems CEDRE http://www.black-tides.com/uk/impact/pollution-shoreline/sensitivity-intertidal-ecosystem.php Last access: 14.09.2009
	Oil on a rocky coast Jon Fisher, www.drr.net/Marine Photobank http://www.marinephotobank.org/secure/gallery-photo.php?gallery_id=34&photo_id=4518 Last access: 14.09.2009
	Oil and tar washed ashore at the southern tip ... Georg Heiss / Marine Photobank http://www.marinephotobank.org/secure/gallery-photo.php?gallery_id=34&photo_id=5523 Last access: 14.09.2009
	Marsh near Fort Johnson, South Carolina ... NOAA, USA http://www.darrp.noaa.gov/southeast/everreach/injury.html Last access: 16.09.2009
	Coral transplanting as part of restoration activities ... NOAA, USA http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/magazine/coral_spills/pago_pago_650.html Last access: 16.09.2009

Supplement 2.12: Impact of Oil on Marine Flora and Fauna

	A storm wrecked several ships, including an oil tanker ... http://www.marinephotobank.org/, Russian Doors http://www.marinephotobank.org/secure/gallery-photo.php?gallery_id=34&photo_id=4527 Last access: 14.09.2009
	Marine food chain Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Oyster Aomorikuma Wikimedia Commons Last access: 16.09.2009
	Smelly fish Christina Klose, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	A reference condition of vegetation on land (France) CEDRE http://www.black-tides.com/uk/tools/learning-guide-understanding-black-tide.pdf page 58 (8.5 MB pdf file) Last access: 16.09.2009

Supplement 2.13: Impact of Oil on Fisheries and Aquaculture

	Salmon farm Salmon Farm Protest Group/Marine Photobank http://www.marinephotobank.org/secure/gallery-photo.php?gallery_id=5&photo_id=3435 Last access: 16.09.2009
	Fishermen in Indonesia using gill net Sterling Zumbrunn / Marine Photobank http://www.marinephotobank.org/secure/gallery-photo-grab-thumb.php?id=3333 Last access: 16.09.2009
	Water quality testing on a shrimp farm OceanBoy Farms / Marine Photobank http://www.marinephotobank.org/secure/gallery-photo.php?gallery_id=5&photo_id=4017 Last access: 16.09.2009
	Fish are often the main food protein source for coastal communities ... Kathleen Reaugh / Marine Photobank http://www.marinephotobank.org/secure/gallery-photo.php?gallery_id=15&photo_id=5063 Last access: 16.09.2009

Supplement 2.14: Oil Spill Maps Based on Aerial Detection

	Map of detected oil spills in the Baltic Sea ... Serac, Joint Research Centre ISPRA http://serac.jrc.it/baltic/oilspill_helcom_1998_2004.pdf Last access: 14.09.2009
	Map of the density of detected oil spills in the Baltic Sea ... Serac, Joint Research Centre ISPRA http://serac.jrc.it/baltic/density_oil_helcom_1998_2004.pdf Last access: 14.09.2009
	Map of detected oil spills in the North Sea ... Serac, Joint Research Centre ISPRA http://serac.jrc.it/northsea/aerial/oilspill_bonn_1998_2004.pdf Last access: 14.09.2009
	Map of the density of detected oil spills in the North Sea ... Serac, Joint Research Centre ISPRA http://serac.jrc.it/northsea/aerial/density_oil_bonn_1998_2004.pdf Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplement 2.15: Visual Appearance of Oil Spills on the Water Surface

	Part of an oil spill from 50 m₃ of heavy fuel oil Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Slicks on the water surface, from exudates of algae Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Supplement 2.16: The Side-looking Airborne Radar

	Geometry of SLAR operation and resolved surface area Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	The rough sea surface causes diffuse reflection of the radar wave Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	SLAR image of a ship seen as a white spot because of its high backscatter efficiency The Archimedes 2 Experiment, R.H. Gillot (Editor). Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre Ispra, EUR 11249 EN, 235 pp., 1987

Supplement 2.17: The Microwave Radiometer

	Geometry of microwave radiometer scanning operation Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Interference colours seen in foam bubbles on the shore Mila Zinkova; Wikimedia Commons
	Brightness temperature of oil given in absolute ... The Archimedes 1 Experiment, R.H. Gillot & F. Toselli (Editor). Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre Ispra, EUR 10216 EN, 228 pp., 1985; re-drawn
	Heavy fuel oil slick with a total volume of 17 m³ The Archimedes 2 Experiment, R.H. Gillot (Editor). Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre Ispra, EUR 11249 EN, 235 pp., 1987; re-drawn

Supplement 2.18: The UV-IR Scanner

	Blackbody radiation National Oceanography Centre Southampton
	IR image of Forties crude Environment Agency / V. Byfield, National Oceanography Centre Southampton
	IR, UV and combined artificial image from an oil slick, detected in Spring 2000 Zielinski O, T Hengstermann, D Mach, P Wagner; Optimare GmbH, Wilhelmshaven, Germany; Steinhage A, C Winkel, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany ftp://ftp.neuroinformatik.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/manuscripts/articles/IARSC_2001.pdf Last access: 16.09.2009
	Geometry of the UV / IR line scanning operation Valborg Byfield, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, UK; Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	UV image of crude oil Environment Agency / Valborg Byfield, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton

Supplement 2.19: The Laser Fluorosensor

	Measuring principle of the laser fluorosensor, analysis of an oil spill at sea Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Left: a thick layer of lubricating oil is illuminated with UV laser radiation at 355 nm wavelength Soenke Ohlhoff & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Right: thin films of lubricating oil on a water surface are illuminated with the laser radiation and emit blue fluorescence Soenke Ohlhoff & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Fluorescence spectra of different oil types upon irradiation with UV light at 308 nm wavelength Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Emission spectrum of a water sample from the North Sea illuminated with ultraviolet light at 270 nm wavelength Rainer Willkomm & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Raman scattering of purified (i.e., non-fluorescent) water in the absence of oil... Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Oil spill following a discharge of 1000 litres of crude oil Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Data of a laser fluorosensor taken above an oil spill, see photograph in the left column Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	discharge - 4 min - 8 min - 14 min ... Theo Hengstermann & Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Worksheets

Worksheet c02-01: Role Play: Pollution Solution

Dump no water - drains to river
Grunge textures

http://www.grungetextures.com/gallery/pic.php?id=1467

Last access: 16.09.2009

Worksheet c02-02-1: Airborne Oil Pollution Patrol 1: Visual Appearance of Oil on the Water Surface

	A maritime surveillance aircraft. Central Command for Maritime Emergencies (in German: Havariekommando), Cuxhaven, Germany
	A ship spilling crude oil while underway, ... Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Oil spill from a discharge of 1000 litres of light crude oil ... Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany

Worksheet c02-02-2: Airborne Oil Pollution Patrol 2: Long-range Oil Spill Detection with Radar

	A maritime surveillance aircraft with the long bar-shaped SLAR antenna ... Central Command for Maritime Emergencies, Cuxhaven, Germany
	Image of the sea surface to the right of the aircraft, ... The Archimedes 2 Experiment, R.H. Gillot, Editor. Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre ISPRA, EUR 11249 EN, 1987; page 68

Worksheet c02-02-3: Airborne Oil Pollution Patrol 3: Interference Fringes of Oil on Water

	Brightness temperature of oil given in absolute temperatures (Kelvin scale), ... The Archimedes 1 Experiment, R.H. Gillot & F Toselli, Editors. Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre ISPRA, EUR 10216 EN, 1985; page 12; re-drawn
	Geometry of microwave radiometer scanning operation The Archimedes 1 Experiment, R.H. Gillot & F Toselli, Editors. Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre ISPRA, EUR 10216 EN, 1985; page 107; re-drawn
	Heavy fuel oil slick with a total volume of 17 m³, ... The Archimedes 2 Experiment, R.H. Gillot, Editor. Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre ISPRA, EUR 11249 EN, 1987; page 63; re-drawn
	An oil layer with thickness d on the water surface, ... Rainer Reuter, University of Oldenburg, Germany