10. Image Credits

8. Learn More

Supplement 2.1: Point Clouds and Linear Regression Lines

Point cloud P(xi,yi)
Graph
Rainer Reuter, Marine Physics, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Straight line and projected points P(xi,f(xi))
Graph
Rainer Reuter, Marine Physics, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Differences between data and points on a line
Graph
Rainer Reuter, Marine Physics, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Centroid P(x,y) of the data points
Graph
Rainer Reuter, Marine Physics, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Centroid P(x,y) and best-fit line f(x)=ax+b
Graph
Rainer Reuter, Marine Physics, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Water temperatures in October near Spiekeroog island
Graph
Rainer Reuter, Marine Physics, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Explanation of the position of P(x5,y5) in two steps
Graph
Rainer Reuter, Marine Physics, University of Oldenburg, Germany

 

Supplement 5.1: Ice in the Arctic

Albedo for ice and water
Diagram
National Snow and Ice Data Center, USA
URL: http://nsidc.org/seaice/processes/albedo.html
Last access: 03.07.2009
Multi-angle images of Hudson Bay and James Bay
Image
JPL, NASA, USA
URL: http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/galhistory/2000_may_17.html
Last access: 17.08.2009
Surface roughness and scattering
Graphic
Natural Resources Canada
URL: http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/stereo/chap5/chapter5_9_e.php
Last access: 14.09.2009

Supplement 5.2: More about Sea Ice

Ice Floe, cross section
Diagram
Wikimedia, Amanda Grobe and Hannes Grobe, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research.
URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice-floe_params_hg.png
Last access: 17.08.2009
Drift ice in the Labrador Sea
Photo
NASA, Astronaut Photography of Earth, USA
URL: http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ mission=ISS006 roll=E frame=46540
Last access: 17.08.2009
Svalbard ice floe
Photo
Wikimedia, Jerzy Strzelecki/Polar Regions
URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Floe_ice_(js).jpg,
Last access: 17.08.2009
MODIS (Aqua) image of polynya and melt ponds in the Beaufort Sea on September 11, 2006.
Satellite image
NASA Earth Observatory, USA
URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6963
Last access: 17.08.2009

Supplement 5.3: Satellite Measurements of Sea Ice

Ice as seen by blue light.
Satellite image
The MODIS Snow & Sea Ice Global Mapping Project, USA
URL: http://modis-snow-ice.gsfc.nasa.gov/content/040301arctic.html
Last access: 29.05.2012
Nighttime AATSR thermal image of pack ice in the Foxe Basin, ...
Satellite image
ESA
URL: http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMLWG3AR2E_index_0.html
Last access: 29.05.2012
This detailed, photo-like image of Arctic sea ice was acquired by the Landsat-7 satellite.
Satellite image
NASA Earth Observatory, USA
URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=7370
Last access: 17.08.2009
The swirling patterns in this MISR image of the Beaufort Sea ...
Satellite image
NASA Earth Observatory, USA
URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1710
Last access: 30.05.2012
A mass of ice floes off the north coast of the Island of Hokkaido, Japan ...
Satellite image
NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team
URL: http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=aniva
Last access: 30.05.2012
Reflected light, but not in the visible!
Satellite image
ESA Earthnet
URL: http://earth.esa.int/cgi-bin/satimgsql.pl?pf=498
Last access: 17.08.2009
Frequencies, wavelengths and band letters
Diagram
Radar Tutorial
URL: http://www.radartutorial.eu/07.waves/wa04.en.html
Last access: 30.05.2012
The map of sea ice concentration from AMSR-E from July 5, 2009 ...
Satellite image
The National Snow and Ice Data Center
URL: http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2009/070609.html
Last access: 30.05.2012
A composite image made up from Quikscat scatterometer data ...
Satellite image
Environment Canada
URL: http://www.ec.gc.ca/glaces-ice/default.asp?lang=En&n=CFC30681-1
Last access: 30.05.2012
Envisat ASAR image of the McClure Strait in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago ...
Satellite image
ESA
URL: http://www.esa.int/esa-mmg/mmg.pl?b=b&keyword=McClure%20Strait&single=y&start=1&size=b
Last access: 30.05.2012
ERS altimeter measurements of sea ice thickness (in metres) ...
Satellite image
ESA
URL: http://envisat.esa.int/pub/ESA_DOC/ENVISAT/RA2-MWR/ra2-mwr.ProductHandbook.2_2.pdf
Last access: 30.05.2012
Cryosat-2
CGI
ESA CryoSat-2
URL: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESA0DL1VMOC_LPcryosat_1.html
Last access: 30.05.2012
CryoSat measuring 'freeboard' sea-ice
CGI
ESA CryoSat-2
URL: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESA0DL1VMOC_LPcryosat_1.html
Last access: 30.05.2012
Envisat ASAR mosaic of the Arctic Ocean for early September 2007 ...
Satellite image
ESA
URL: http://www.esa.int/esa-mmg/mmg.pl?b=b&keyword=Northwest%20passage&single=y&start=6
Last access: 30.05.2012
Schematic illustration of the GLAS instrument ...
Diagram
NASA, about GLAS
URL: http://glas.gsfc.nasa.gov/about.html
Last access: 30.05.2012
This schematic shows the geometric relationship between freeboard ...
Diagram
Ron Kwok, NASA/JPL
URL: http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/icesat-20090707.html
Last access: 30.05.2012
ICESat
CGI
NASA ICESat
URL: http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Last access: 30.05.2012
ICESat measurements of the distribution of winter sea ice thickness over the Arctic Ocean ...
Diagram
Ron Kwok, NASA/JPL
URL: http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/icesat-20090707.html
Last access: 30.05.2012